The Worst Cult Tragedies of All Time
Aerial view of Jonestown, Guyana, following the November 1978 massacre. Photo by unknown United States military employee. Public domain.
Throughout history, cults have led followers down dark and devastating paths, often ending in tragedy. Here are some of the worst cult-related incidents that left indelible marks on communities and raised questions about the limits of devotion.
1. Jonestown Massacre (Guyana, 1978)
Jonestown cottages, 1978. Photo courtesy of the FBI. Public Domain.
More than 900 members of the Peoples Temple died in one of the most infamous cult tragedies. Led by Jim Jones, followers in Jonestown, Guyana, were convinced to drink cyanide-laced punch, while others, including children, were forced to ingest it. The incident coined the phrase "drinking the Kool-Aid" and was the largest loss of American civilian life in a single event until 9/11.
2. Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments (Uganda, 2000)
Nearly 800 followers of this doomsday cult perished when leaders set fire to a locked church after their end-of-the-world prediction failed. Led by Joseph Kibwetere, the group convinced members that strict adherence to the Ten Commandments would bring salvation, only to lead them to a tragic and fiery death when the prophecy didn't come true.
3. Aum Shinrikyo Sarin Gas Attack (Japan, 1995)
Emergency personnel respond to the Tokyo subway sarin attack, 1995. Photo courtesy of the United States Public Health Service. Public domain.
Aum Shinrikyo, led by Shoko Asahara, believed in an impending apocalypse and carried out a sarin gas attack on Tokyo's subway system. Thirteen people were killed, and over 5,800 were injured. The attack demonstrated the horrific potential of cult-led terrorism, sparking worldwide outrage and highlighting the cult's extensive weapon stockpiles and global ambitions.
4. Heaven's Gate (United States, 1997)
Marshall Applewhite convinced 39 followers to commit suicide, promising they would ascend to a "higher level" on an alien spacecraft following the Hale-Bopp comet. Members drank a lethal mixture and suffocated themselves with plastic bags — their suicides are a stark example of how cults can exploit beliefs about life beyond Earth for tragic ends.
5. The Order of the Solar Temple (Switzerland, Canada, and France, 1994-1995)
This apocalyptic cult's coordinated deaths spanned three countries, with dozens of bodies found after ritualized murder-suicides. The group's leaders promoted beliefs in mystical rebirth and targeted dissenters. Fifty-three members perished in Switzerland and Canada, and in a later incident, 14 members died in a fire on a French plateau, their remains found in ceremonial robes with gunshot wounds.
6. Branch Davidians (United States, 1993)
Aerial view of Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, in flames on April 19, 1993. Photo courtesy of the FBI. Public domain.
In Waco, Texas, David Koresh led his followers in a deadly 51-day standoff with federal agents and law enforcement. The siege began over allegations of weapons stockpiling but ended in tragedy when a fire engulfed the compound, killing 82 Branch Davidians including children, Koresh himself, and four federal agents. Koresh's teachings and preparation for "Armageddon" left lasting scars on the community and fueled conspiracy theories nationwide.
7. The Manson Family (United States, 1969)
Charles Manson, April 1968 mugshot. Photo courtesy of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Public domain.
Charles Manson's followers, known as the Manson Family, committed a series of brutal murders in Los Angeles, targeting Hollywood figures in an attempt to spark a race war that Manson dubbed "Helter Skelter." In August 1969, Manson sent followers to a house he associated with rejection from the music industry, instructing them to kill everyone inside. This led to the horrific murders of actress Sharon Tate and four others. The next night, Manson's followers killed two more people, and they're suspected of killing as many as 35 people. These killings became emblematic of the dark side of the counterculture era and cemented Manson's status as one of the most infamous cult leaders in history.
8. Good News International Church (Kenya, 2023)
Led by Pastor Paul Nthenge Mackenzie, this Kenyan cult persuaded followers to starve themselves in the belief that they would attain heaven. As of April 2023, over 89 members have been confirmed dead, and authorities fear that more bodies will be uncovered. The case shocked the nation and raised concerns over the exploitation of faith.
These tragedies remind us of the powerful influence charismatic leaders can have on vulnerable followers, often with devastating consequences.
References: Kenya starvation deaths latest in long list of cult tragedies | Most Famous Cults in U.S. History: Manson Family, Waco, and More
